The questionnaire is a commonly used research tool in quantitative studies, particularly in investigating factors related to hypertension. The World Health Organization’s STEPwise approach was used as a basis for a standard questionnaire consisting of 106 items in three sections measuring behaviors, physical characteristics, and biochemistry. The modified Sub-section A, measuring demographic data, tobacco and alcohol use, food, physical activity, lifestyle, and history of cardiovascular illnesses, was used to gather data from participants. The behavioral subscale, consisting of 24 items, was used to measure behavior in this study. The questionnaire examined three variables: alcohol use, smoking, and physical activity, all of which significantly correlated with hypertension. The questionnaire has reliable psychometric qualities.
Patients were contacted by phone or at home, following COVID-19 guidelines, and given information about the study and consent forms. The questionnaires were completed and returned to the researchers after 20 to 30 minutes.
The questionnaire’s validity was ensured by meticulous preparation in accordance with the study’s objectives, and it was then given to the research supervisors who also assessed it. Through the use of a pretesting procedure, it was possible to guarantee that the instrument is free from bias and errors and consistently measures the variables it is intended to measure. The researcher employed random sampling techniques to assure external validity, which ensured that the sample is an accurate representative of the population.
Author(s) Details:
Rohit Raina
Department of General Medicine, AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab, India.
Recent Global Research Developments in The Impact of Alcohol on Hypertension: A Comprehensive Review
The Effect of Alcohol on Blood Pressure and Hypertension:
This article examines both the acute and chronic effects of alcohol on blood pressure (BP) and the incidence of hypertension. It highlights that while low-to-moderate alcohol consumption is often thought to have cardioprotective effects, the evidence suggests that chronic consumption increases the risk of hypertension, especially in Black populations [1] .
Alcohol and Hypertension—New Insights and Lingering Controversies:
This review discusses the causal relationship between alcohol consumption and increased BP. It emphasizes that even low-level alcohol intake can raise BP, particularly in women, and that alcohol-related hypertension contributes to various cardiovascular diseases [2] .
Alcohol Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis:
This systematic review and meta-analysis explore the dose-response relationship between alcohol intake and hypertension. It finds that chronic alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, with variations based on sex and race [3] .
Alcohol and Hypertension: Mechanisms and Implications:
This article delves into the mechanisms by which alcohol affects BP, including the roles of oxidative stress and vasoconstrictors like 20-HETE. It underscores the importance of considering alcohol history in patients with elevated BP [4] .
Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Risk: A Global Perspective:
This comprehensive review looks at the global impact of alcohol on cardiovascular health, including hypertension. It discusses the varying effects of alcohol based on consumption levels and demographic factors, and the need for targeted interventions to reduce alcohol-related hypertension.
References
- Fuchs, F.D., Fuchs, S.C. The Effect of Alcohol on Blood Pressure and Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 23, 42 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-021-01160-7
- Puddey, I.B., Mori, T.A., Barden, A.E. et al. Alcohol and Hypertension—New Insights and Lingering Controversies. Curr Hypertens Rep 21, 79 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-019-0984-1
- Cecchini, M., Filippini, T., Whelton, P. K., Iamandii, I., Di Federico, S., Boriani, G., & Vinceti, M. (2024). Alcohol Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Nonexperimental Cohort Studies. Hypertension.
- Puddey, I.B., Mori, T.A., Barden, A.E. et al. Alcohol and Hypertension—New Insights and Lingering Controversies. Curr Hypertens Rep 21, 79 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-019-0984-1
